Paratuberculosis caused byMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is a progressive, chronic and noncurable granulomatous enteritis. Paratuberculosis affects ruminants worldwide. The earliest reports on paratuberculosis in Iran date back to 1960’s when the disease was diagnosed in imported animals of the Abadan Oil Company’s farm. In the work presented here 13 field MAP isolates including 4 ovine and 3 caprine isolates from Isfahan, 6 bovine isolates from Zanjan and Alborz provinces plus 2 vaccinal strains of 316F and III & V were subjected to PCR-IS900, PCR-F57 for identification and also PCR-Collins for typing. In consequence, while an identical PCR protocol was successfully developed to simultaneously perform all the three experiments, the 15 tested bacteria were all shown to be MAP Type II (cattle type). In epidemiological sense, when the size of national goat, sheep and cattle herds of Iran is taken into account, circulation of MAP Type II is intriguing.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in zone I. Methods: Preterm infants with type 1 ROP in zone I (zone I ROP, any stage with plus disease or zone I ROP, stage 3 without plus disease) were enrolled in this prospective study. Intravitreal bevacizumab (0. 625 mg/0. 025 ml) was injected under topical anesthesia. The patients were followed-up weekly for 4 weeks and, then, biweekly till 90 weeks gestational age. Results: Seventy eyes of 35 patients with type 1 ROP in zone I were enrolled. At a gestational age of 90 weeks, ROP regressed with complete or near􀀀 complete peripheral retinal vascularization, in 82. 9% of eyes after a single injection and in 92. 9% of eyes after up to two injections. In 5 eyes (7. 1%), ROP progressed to stage 4B or 5, so that surgical management was required. There were no major complications such as endophthalmitis, cataract, or vitreous hemorrhage after injection. Conclusion: Intravitreal bevacizumab injection is an effective method for the management of patients with Zone I ROP requiring treatment; however, some cases may progress to more advanced stages and require surgical management. Close monitoring for recurrence or progression is necessary. Eyes with persistent zone I ROP may progress to advanced stages when treated with intravitreal bevacizumab injection and re􀀀 treatment may be needed.

Determination of microalbuminuria is a diagnostic biomarker for prediction of clinical nephropathy in diabetes.Over a period of 6 months overnight (12 hours) urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rate was measured in 90 diabetic patients with 36 type I and 54 type II diabetic and 40 nondiabetic subjects as control in the same age group. The fate of UAE between 20 - 200, µg/min was therefore defined as microalbuminuria. The findings suggest that incidence of microalbuminuria were 29.1% in type II and 41.2% in type I and macroalbuminuria was.24.1% in type II diabetics.There was a positive correlation between UAE rate and duration of diabetes, (type I: r=0.23, type II: r=0.27) also the level of HbAlc and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in diabetic patients with  microalbuminuria is higher than diabetic patients without microalbuminuria. (p<0.05)In addition diabetic complication such as retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy was more common in diabetics with microalbuminuria. Due to the high incidence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria it is recommended to measure urine albumin as a control method with a sensitive technique.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by C1-INH (C1 esterase inhibitor), low serum levels (type I), dysfunction (type II) or normal serum levels and function (type III), which lead to subcutaneous and submucosal edema attacks. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic, clinical and laboratory findings of Iranian patients with HAE.METHODS: The patients with a history or symptoms of angioedema who were referred to Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute (IAARI) between Jan 2006 and Jan 2014, were assessed based on a specific questionnaire and laboratory evaluation. The patients with a definite diagnosis of HAE type I and type II were entered into this study.RESULTS: Among 51 patients, 63.3% were diagnosed with HAE type I and 36.7% with HAE type II. Fifteen patients were under 18 years and 36 were adults. The mean age of symptoms onset and diagnosis were 12.33±10.20 years and 24.48±14.64 years, respectively. The mean delay of diagnosis was 11.02±11.60 years. The most commonly involved locations of edema were hands, face and genitalia. Moreover, laryngeal edema was observed in 61.2% of patients, which led to death in two patients during this study.CONCLUSION: Hereditary angioedema is a life threatening disease with considerable morbidity and mortality. The outcomes of this study can be used to inform clinicians and health care providers about HAE, which can help earlier diagnosis and better management of the patients, specifically in life threatening attacks.

Introduction: Tyrosinemia is a congenital metabolic disease in which the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine is reduced and its amount is increased in the body. Tyrosine metabolites can involve specific organs that according to the clinical manifestations there are three types of this disease. Case: This article reports type 1 tyrosinemia in a 2-year-old child who complained of urinary problem and restlessness. Despite the absence of pathological findings in fetal ultrasound screening, imaging findings indicate involvement of both kidneys. Conclusions: It is a rare, inherited and metabolic disease that despite the challenges of diagnosis has simple cure.

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease affects many aspects of daily life. We need a bio-psychosocial approach to patients and their problems in diabetes management. Since patient’s beliefs about health and disease will guide self management measures, a holistic understanding toward subject is necessary. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the lived experiences of patients with diabetes in a qualitative study.Methods: A descriptive phenomenological framework used to guide the project of inquiry. Eleven volunteered patients (6 men, 5 women) were recruited by purposed sampling from “Glands and Metabolism Research Center” and “Al-Zahra Hospital” of Isfahan in 2006. In-depth unstructured one to one interviews conducted and interview data were transcribed and analyzed for themes using collizi method.Results: Five themes were identified including; "Why I get", "Disease requirements", "Can I do", "Limitations", "Silent motion towards death". 3 first items belongs to participants' perception about diseases etiology, treatment, and their feeling about their situation, respectively. “Silent movement towards death” and “limitation” pointed to the patients' belief about limitation in nutrition and having a healthy child and nature of disease.Conclusion: Based on findings, patients’ beliefs about their disease and health situation can affect health behaviors and self-management, and act as barriers and facilitators in patient behaviors. Findings suggest considering this factor in self management preparing program.

In destructive earthquakes lots of break down in structures such as vital lifelines and buried pipelines also destruction of massive buildings have always been observed. These destructions can sometimes cause more serious injuries. The absorbed force and destruction caused by the earthquake in surface structures are proportional to their mass and inertia, so that with increasing acceleration, the amount of forces is higher. This is despite the fact that the behavior of buried structures actually influenced by the behavior of the surrounding soil and the mass of structure in comparison with their environmental soil is very small and negligible. Therefore, using the methods based on earthquake acceleration parameter can’t be sufficient in designing of such structures and existing of the speed spectrum designing along with the acceleration spectrum available in 2800 building code is also necessary, because the seismic design of such structures is based on the displacement response method. That is, first the displacement of the earth in location of buried structures using velocity response spectrum is calculated and the interaction between earth and underground structure is analyzed with quasi- static method. Velocity response spectrum for seismic designing of buried structures based on the maximum response of the earth surface layer due to the desired acceleration entering the bottom layer is obtained from a soil profile analytical model. In this study, we have tried to determine the curve of the velocity spectrum factor for soil type 1 and 2 according to the accelerograms data obtained from different earthquakes in Iran For this purpose, among the received accelerograms data from the Building and Housing Research Center, we selected 306 horizontal accelerograms of soil type I and 323 horizontal accelerogram of soil type 2. The normalized velocity spectrum of each accelerogram were calculated separately based on the maximum values of the velocity domain and acceleration. Accordingly, for each of these two types of soil we obtained two sets of normalized velocity response spectrum. Then, for each set, mid and 84% - design spectrum were determined. Finally, mathematical model of velocity spectrum factor curves was determined and presented in the formula for soil conditions of types 1 and 2 of Iran.